The Israeli elections next March
are filled with uncertainty, regarding both the turnout and the
outcome. Current Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu can take nothing for
granted as he runs against Yitzhak Herzog, the son of former President
Chaim Herzog and candidate for the
Zionist Union party, the main force of centre-left opposition.
However, games are already in play in the halls of governmental and
party power, proceeding as if the make-up of the future coalition and
identity of the next Prime Minister are irrelevant details. And in many
ways, they are. Across the board, defence and security dominate the
elections. This not only pushes pressing social and economic issues far
down the agenda, but may have unforeseen long-term negative consequences
for Israel’s international standing.
Defence: priority number 1
Under the Netanyahu-Lieberman double-act, Israel has become isolated
and widely detested internationally. The Prime Minister has brought
relations with the United States to a historic low, appearing constantly
at odds with President Obama. As Minister of Foreign Affairs, Lieberman
has been globally condemned for his arrogant and suicidal policies,
most notably his incendiary language and brutal actions against Arabs in
Palestine and beyond.
Nonetheless, Lieberman (
Yisrael Beiteinu) is already manoeuvring for the much coveted post of Minister of Defence, limbering up for a head-to-head with Naftali Bennet (
Jewish Home).
With the incumbent, Moshe Yaalon, seemingly already out of the race, it
seems that the field is open for the two most extreme members of the
current government to duke it out between themselves. Whoever ends up
controlling the ministry will control the defence budget and thus wield
enormous power within the country.
This jostling, begun well in advance of the election, extends to senior positions within the military. On 16
th February,
the high-profile General Gadi Eizenkot replaced Benny Gatz as Commander
in Chief of the Israeli Defence Force (IDF). Israel’s new top officer
is known for his ruthless application of the “Dahiya doctrine”.
Authorising the use of overwhelmingly disproportionate force and
discarding possible civilian casualties, this military tactic has been
used extensively by the general in both Lebanon and Palestine. Its most
recent application was in the 2014 Gaza war, as Israel’s “Operation
Protective Edge” left nearly 2,500 civilians dead, with Hamas combatants
making up at most 20% of total casualties. Israel, of course, accused
Hamas of using civilians as human shields.
The degree to which such events have overshadowed the election
illustrates the growing importance of the Ministry of Defence in recent
years - a consequence, largely, of the current government’s rhetoric.
Playing on the historic trope of the “Amalek” (the Biblical enemy of the
Jews who attacked them during their flight from Egypt), Netanyahu has
used the regional turmoil over the last four years to justify huge
military and political overreactions to the slightest concerns in
neighbouring Lebanon, Syria, Egypt and the Palestinian Occupied
Territories. This has distracted from his failure to solve serious
economic and social crises, against which Israelis demonstrated in
record numbers in 2011, as 400,000 people came out onto the streets.
While Netanyahu’s continued emphasis on security and war may placate
people for a while, it comes at an economic – a perhaps, eventually, a
political - cost. For now, however, the current administration has
succeeded in defining the ground over which the election will be fought.
As such, the centre-left – meaning the
Zionist Union party of Livni and Herzog – will struggle to win power on any other programme.
In the current atmosphere, even a minor incident from inside or outside Israel before the March 17
th election
would result in any emphasis on social justice and economic reform
being swept away. In the face of cuts elsewhere, the defence budget –
20% of state expenditure – remains immune, making it almost impossible
to address socio-economic issues. Bellicose rhetoric may be able to
justify the state’s lopsided spending priorities, but only so far and
for so long.
Security or self-imprisonment?
While Israel’s physical separation from bordering countries is a long
historical process, it has been accelerated over the last ten years by
the right and extreme-right governments that have come to power under
Ariel Sharon and Benjamin Netanyahu. Starting with the infamous
“Security Wall” in the West Bank, this policy has since continued with
three other reinforced walls at Israel’s external borders. Indeed, from
North to South, East to West, in addition to “preventative wars”, Israel
has long developed its defensive fortifications.
The cost of this to Israel itself is increasing isolation from its
neighbours. Denis Bauchard, a lecturer at Sciences Po University in
Paris, described the Israeli state as undergoing self-imposed
“bunkerisation”
[1]. Netanyahu’s own language mirrors this, with the Prime Minister claiming that “the country must be surrounded by a fence”
[2].
To justify such policies, the government relies on two claims: first,
the need for security; and secondly, the need to preserve the Jewish
character of the state. Israel is thereby presented as a “villa in the
jungle”, an isolated shtetl or Yiddish neighbourhood of a central
European city, like the Prague ghetto.
First conceived as a “security fence” protecting Israel from
terrorist attacks and suicide bombings, the Wall swiftly became a
separation barrier. Between 2002 and 2005, its route was altered many
times, evidently with the aim of eating up more Palestinian territory.
For such reasons, while it has been effective in reducing suicide
bombings, the Wall remains highly problematic under international law
and was in fact declared illegal by the International Court of Justice
in 2004. The Court’s request that the Wall be dismantled has, of course,
been ignored.
Indeed, while further construction had been temporarily suspended due
to economic reasons following the demonstrations of 2011 (only 400 of
the planned 760km have thus far been built), the government has recently
announced its resumption
[3].
However, beyond the illegal nature of the construction, Palestine’s
acceptance to UNESCO in October 2011 has disturbed the plans of major
Israeli strategists. For instance, in June 2014, the village of Battir,
which lies south of Jerusalem and dates from the Roman period
[4],
was included in the "World Heritage in Danger" list following tough
negotiations and exchanges within the assembly. The UNESCO vote aims to
protect the architecture, hills and olive groves of Palestine and work
towards political recognition of the country, while preventing the
completion of the Wall.
This intervention is merely the most high-profile of an ever
increasing number of complaints, which each year delay construction.
Most, in fact, are heard in the Israeli Supreme Court, which is
responsible for considering appeals seeking to alter the route of the
Wall. A current dispute centres on the Christian Cremisan Valley, which
would be permanently split in two in the Wall is built as planned
[5].
However, it is not only in the West Bank that such “security”
measures are underway. In addition to the blockade imposed on Gaza since
2007, other preventative measures against terrorists include a
triple-barrier, seven-metre-high fence encircling the Strip, meant to
deter those tempted to cross the border into Israel. Created after the
1993 Oslo Accords to delineate sovereign Palestinian territory, the
barrier was severely damaged during the Second Intifada and rebuilt in
2001. Today, it runs for 60km, with the two main entry and exit points
in Rafah (controlled by Egypt) and Erez (controlled by Israel).
The construction of a wall of almost 250 km along the border with
Egypt is also officially underway to stop the trafficking of all drugs,
weapons, goods and illegal immigrants. The Sinai side of border control
has become less effective in recent times, resulting in increases in
criminal and terrorist activity (including armed infiltrations and
attacks) in this sensitive area. Moreover, Netanyahu declared in 2010
that illegal immigration was a mortal threat to the country, seemingly
on a par with terrorism
[6].
At a press conference in August 2012, the Prime Minister stressed: "The
phenomenon of illegal infiltration from Africa is extremely serious and
threatens the foundations of Israeli society, national security and
national identity”.
A much shorter wall, on the Lebanese border, is proposed to run along the Blue Line
[7] for
1 km. Political developments in Lebanon could indeed pose a threat to
Israeli security as a result of the Syrian crisis and the possible
strengthening of Hezbollah's arsenal. The new wall will be supervised by
UNIFIL
[8] and
will run between the Israeli town of Metula and its neighbour, Killeh,
on the Lebanese side. Of course, it will not prevent rockets falling
into northern Israel.
Finally, the 120km-long metal fence on the Golan side was
strengthened in the second half of 2013 in order to prevent further
infiltration of people and cargo. Yigal Palmor, former spokesman of the
Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, laid out the tactical purpose of
the fence in the summer of 2014 while he was still in office, saying
that there was not much else to do except observe the evolution of the
Syrian conflict: "In the Golan, there is no need to look beyond the
status quo until the situation in Syria is permanently stabilized”.
[9]
Yet, however justifiable these walls may or may not be in security
terms, each metre constructed contributes further to Israel’s physical
and diplomatic isolation.
Short-term gains for long-term pain?
While the excessive focus on defence and security makes sense in
immediate terms, it could bring serious consequences for Israel further
down the line. By employing sensationalist rhetoric, Netanyahu and
future Prime Ministers may distract from socio-economic issues for a
while, but in ploughing precious resources into the military, successive
governments hamstring their own ability to tackle these problems. As
last summer’s demonstrations show, such an approach is only likely to
work for so long.
The “security walls” – as well as the settlements – similarly make a
certain sense from an Israeli point of view in the short-term. However,
the duplicitous and cynical manner in which such fortifications have
been constructed, appropriating yet more Palestinian land, has been
disastrous for Israel’s international image and have all but cut it off
from the wider region.
For now, whatever quarrels exist between Israel and the United
States, no actual reduction in American support has occurred. As Obama
emphasised in a recent interview with the Israeli newspaper
Haaretz:
“
As I have said repeatedly, neither my commitment - nor that of
the US - to the security of Israel and the Israeli people, will ever
falter and supporting peace will always be the cornerstone of this
commitment…
budgets are tight in Washington, but our
commitment to Israel's security remains undimmed. The United States
pledges to provide more than $3 billion each year to help fund the
security of Israel until 2018”
Whether such unyielding support will continue indefinitely, however,
remains to be seen. Israel’s tactical emphasis on defence and security
lacks strategic vision. While this raises serious problems for the
country’s long-term future, it appears that nobody in the upcoming
election is willing or capable of addressing them.
[1] Denis Bauchard,
Le Nouveau monde arabe, enjeux et instabilités (The New Arab World: Issues and Instabilities) Bruxelles, André Versaille éditeur, 2012.
[3] « Israël
va relancer la construction du mur de séparation en Cisjordanie »
(Israel will revive the construction of the separation wall in the West
Bank),
rfi.fr, 5 juillet 2012.
[4] « Palestine
: Un paysage de Cisjordanie menacé par le mur israélien, déclaré
"patrimoine mondial en péril" » (Palestine: A West Bank landscape
threatened by the Israeli wall, declared" World Heritage in Danger),
HuffPost Maghreb/AFP, 21 juin 2006.
[5] « Israël : où en est la construction du mur de séparation ? » (Israel, which is the construction of the separation wall?),
rfi.fr, 29 janvier 2014.
[6] « Netanyahou: Illegal immigration threat to Israel »,
jta.org, 21 janvier 2010.
[7] Line
drawn in June 2000 by the UN after the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon
on May 25 ending the occupation that began in June 1982.
[8] United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.
[9] « La
décision d'une attaque d'Israël contre l'Iran n'a pas encore été
prise » (The decision of an Israeli attack against Iran has not yet been
taken), interview d'Yigal Palmor,
la.vie.fr, 29 août 2012.